Domain Names

The Domain Name System or DNS is a system that stores information about hostnames and domain names in a kind of distributed database on networks, such as the Internet. Most importantly, it provides a physical location (IP address) for each hostname, and lists the mail exchange servers accepting e-mail for each domain.

The DNS provides a vital service on the Internet as it allows the transmission of technical information in a user-friendly way. While computers and network hardware work with IP addresses to perform tasks such as addressing and routing, humans generally find it easier to work with hostnames and domain names in URLs and e-mail addresses. The DNS therefore mediates between the needs and preferences of humans and of software.

The practice of using a name as a more human-legible abstraction of a machine's numerical address on the network predates even TCP/IP, all the way back to the ARPAnet era. Originally, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from SRI (now SRI International) which mapped an address (ex. 192.168.0.1) to a name (ex. www.yourdomain.com.) The Hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems either by default or through configuration and allows users to specify an IP Address to use for a hostname without checking the DNS. This file is now used primarily for troubleshooting DNS errors or mapping local addresses to more organic names. Such a system had inherent limitations, because of the obvious requirement that every time a given computer's address changed, every computer that wanted to communicate with it would need an update to its Hosts file.

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